To meet the globally increasing demand for cement, high output, energy-saving firing systems have been developed in the industrialized countries and introduced throughout the world. One of the primary results of these developments is the precalciner kiln with a short rotary kiln section. The use of alternative fuels has also taken on a new significance. Keeping pace with this technology requires suitable refractory products and lining systems: the conditions inside the kiln are a determining factor of its service life.